When talking about graphene, we need to first point out the natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the exact same layer “hold hands” and are very closely linked, but the combination of carbon atoms between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild press, the cards will certainly slide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to three other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms develop a regular hexagonal ring on the exact same airplane, extending to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is just one of the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to remove a single layer framework.
More than twenty years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there have to be a way to obtain a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took a really “straightforward and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we write a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists frankly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it additionally stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into 2. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have verified the expediency of this technique – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite becomes thinner. By insisting on using this “mechanical peeling technique” to repeat the procedure, they ultimately got a slim sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this technique of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to acquire graphene has low manufacturing performance and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the enhancement of scientific and technological levels, the prep work technique of graphene has also made terrific progression. Currently, in addition to this traditional physical and mechanical peeling technique, there are likewise many approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation technique, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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